四.REFUSE TO, MANAGE TO等等

下面我們作一組練習(xí), 學(xué)學(xué)怎么用 refuse to 加上另外一個動詞來說明拒絕作 什么事. 練習(xí)的作法是老師提出一些有關(guān)勞資雙方討價還價的問題, 比方老 師問你: "資方拒絕妥協(xié)了嗎?" Did the management refuse to compromise? 接 著老師說: No, 你就回答說: No, they didn't refuse to compromise. 老師也許 問你:"資方拒絕雇更多人嗎?"Did the management refuse to hire more people?

接著老師說: Yes,那么你就回答說: Yes, they refused to hire more people. 在 這組練習(xí)里, 你還可以學(xué)到其他有用的詞匯, 比方 "討論" discuss, "減輕工作 量" reduce workloads, "加薪" raise salaries 等等. 現(xiàn)在我們開始作練習(xí), 每作 完一句就請你聽老師念正確答案.

M: Did the management refuse to discuss with the union  ?

M: No

F: No, they didn't refuse to discuss.

M: Did the management refuse to compromise?

M: No

F: No, they didn't refuse to compromise.

M: Did the management refuse to reduce the workloads?

M: Yes

F: Yes, they refused to reduce the workloads.

M: Did the management refuse to hire more people?

M: Yes

F: Yes, they refused to hire more people.

M: Did the management refuse to raise the salaries?

M: No

F: No, they didn't refuse to raise the salaries.

下面我們用 managed to 作一些過去時態(tài)句子, 說明工會設(shè)法作了什么事. 練 習(xí)的作法是老師念一個句子, 比方: "工會設(shè)法吸收了新會員." The union  s managed to recruit new members. 接著老師提出一個詞組, 比方 "充實力量" gain strength, "獲得效率" gain effectiveness, "爭取更好的合同" get a better contract 等等, 學(xué)生就把他聽到的詞組代換到原來的句子里, 在學(xué)生作練習(xí)的 時候請你也一起作.

M: The union  s managed to recruit new members.

M: gain strength

F: The union  s managed to gain strength.

M: gain effectiveness

F: The union  s managed to gain effectiveness.

M: organize a strike

F: The union  s managed to organize a strike.

M: negotiate with the management

F: The union  s managed to negotiate with the management.

M: communicate workers' views to the management

F: The union  s managed to communicate workers' views to the management.

M: get a good contract

F: The union  s managed to get a good contract.

下面我們作一組綜合練習(xí), 用不同動詞詞組學(xué)學(xué)美國勞資雙方怎么解決彼此 之間的歧見.在這組練習(xí)里你可以練習(xí)幾個很有用的動詞,比方 "同意" agree, "威脅" threaten, "合作" cooperate 等等. 練習(xí)的作法是老師用疑問詞提出一個 問題, 接著老師念出一個詞組, 請你用老師給你的詞組來回答問題. 每作完 一句, 就請你聽老師念正確答案.

M: What did workers want to do?

M: get higher wages

F: Workers wanted to get higher wages.

M: What did they begin to do ?

M: organize a union  

F: They began to organize a union  .

M: What did the union   manage to do?

M: bargain with the management

F: The union   managed to bargain with the management.

M: What did the union   threaten to do?

M: organize a strike

F: The union   threatened to organize a strike.

M: What did the management agree to do?

M: cooperate with the union  

F: The management agreed to cooperate with the union  .

M: What did the management decide to do?

M: raise workers' salaries

F: The management decided to raise the workers' salaries.

五.聽短文回答問題

今天我們要聽一篇介紹美國工會的文章. 這篇文章不但提到工會成立的經(jīng)過, 也談到了什么是 "集體談判" collective bargaining.

現(xiàn)在請你注意聽.

Nearly 100 years ago, America's working people began to join together to improve their wages and their working situations. They formed union  s. The union  s presented a united position among workers in discussions with owners of businesses and factories. This idea became known as collective bargaining.

union  s were started at separate local factories. Slowly union  s in several factories started to join together. As they gained size, the union  s were able to gain strength and effectiveness. By the 1950's union  s were successfully representing their members in most American industries.

union  s began as organizations for factory workers. Later skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers organized into union  s. Recently professional people have also begun to form union  s. Many teachers and nurses, for example, belong to union  s. Today the largest union  s have several million members.

The union  s not only represent the workers in discussions with business management.

They also train workers for jobs, give members money if they lose their jobs, and pay workers pensions when they retire. In many situations, a person is not allowed to take a job unless he belongs to the union  .

union  s have become established institutions of American industry. union  s and management have learned to work for the benefit of both workers and owners.

現(xiàn)在我們先把今天測驗的問題聽一遍.

第一個問題是:

M: Why do American workers join union  s?

第二個問題是:

M: What do union  s do nowadays?

第三個問題是:

M: Are there professional union  s in the United States?

現(xiàn)在我們再聽英文老師用慢速度把整篇文章念一遍.

Nearly 100 years ago, America's working people began to join together to improve their wages and their working situations. They formed union  s. The union  s presented a united position among workers in discussions with owners of businesses and factories. This idea became known as collective bargaining.

union  s were started at separate local factories. Slowly union  s in several factories started to join together. As they gained size, the union  s were able to gain strength and effectiveness. By the 1950's union  s were successfully representing their members in most American industries.

union  s began as organizations for factory workers. Later skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers organized into union  s. Recently professional people have also begun to form union  s. Many teachers and nurses, for example, belong to union  s. Today the largest union  s have several million members.

The union  s not only represent the workers in discussions with business management.

They also train workers for jobs, give members money if they lose their jobs, and pay workers pensions when they retire. In many situations, a person is not allowed to take a job unless he belongs to the union  .

union  s have become established institutions of American industry. union  s and management have learned to work for the benefit of both workers and owners.

現(xiàn)在請你回答你剛才聽過的三個問題. 每回答一個問題,老師就會念出正確答 案讓你作個比較, 看你是不是答對了. 只要意思答對了就行, 不一定要每個字 跟老師的說法一樣. 現(xiàn)在我們開始.

第一個問題是:

M: Why do American workers join union  s?

F: They join union  s to improve their wages and working situations.

第二個問題是:

M: What do union  s do nowadays?

F: They represent the workers, train them for jobs, give unemployed members money and pay retirement pensions.

第三個問題是:

M: Are there professional union  s in the United States?

F: Yes, there are.